By Sardar Khan Niazi

Every monsoon season, Pakistan’s major urban centers descend into a predictable state of chaos. Roads are flooded, traffic snarls stretch for hours, and entire neighborhoods are submerged. While climate change and poor planning play undeniable roles, one of the most chronic and overlooked culprits behind urban flooding is the widespread encroachment on storm water drains — or nullahs — that serve as the primary drainage arteries of our cities. Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, and other cities have witnessed decades of unchecked encroachments — ranging from slums and informal housing to even commercial developments — all built directly over or dangerously close to these nullahs. These illegal or ill-planned structures choke the natural flow of water, turning routine rainfall into urban disaster. Despite repeated anti-encroachment drives, which are often haphazard and heavy-handed, the problem persists. This is because the current approach is reactive, politically charged, and lacks long-term vision. What Pakistan needs is an innovative, sustainable solution that blends technology, urban design, community participation, and political will. A three-pronged solution is essential. Firstly, digitally mapping nullahs with AI and Satellite data. Cities must invest in comprehensive digital mapping of storm water infrastructure. This includes not just identifying current drainage paths but also historical ones that have been lost to construction. Using high-resolution satellite imagery and AI-based mapping software, municipalities can pinpoint all existing encroachments and evaluate their impact on water flow. Publicly releasing this data would ensure transparency and allow civil society to hold local governments accountable. A clear, digital record would also help prevent future encroachments by making the boundaries of nullahs visible and enforceable in zoning laws. Secondly, converting nullah corridors into green public spaces. Instead of treating nullahs as open sewers or back alleys, we need to reconceptualize them as ecological corridors. This approach has been successfully adopted in cities like Seoul, where the Cheonggyecheon stream — once a clogged and polluted waterway — was transformed into a vibrant urban park. Pakistan can adopt a similar model by clearing encroachments and converting nullah banks into landscaped greenbelts with pedestrian pathways, bioswales, and rain gardens. These not only improve aesthetics and property values but also enhance drainage by allowing rainwater to percolate naturally into the ground. This ecological redesign needs support through public-private partnerships. Businesses along the green corridors can benefit from increased foot traffic, while also taking responsibility for maintenance — turning encroachers into stakeholders. Thirdly, introducing transferable development rights (TDRs). Evictions, especially of low-income residents, are often met with resistance and political backlash — and rightly so. A humane and innovative way to address this is by introducing TDRs. Under this model, people who give up land or structures on encroached nullahs are compensated not with cash, but with development rights in other parts of the city where vertical construction is allowed. This allows displaced individuals or developers to build elsewhere without overburdening the city’s finances. It also incentivizes voluntary relocation, reducing the need for costly and unpopular demolitions. Let us find the way forward. The encroachment of storm water drains is not just an urban planning issue — it is a public safety crisis. However, bulldozers and court orders alone cannot fix what decades of poor governance have allowed to fester. What is required is a paradigm shift: treating our drainage infrastructure not as an afterthought, but as a foundational element of the urban ecosystem. By embracing digital tools, ecological design, and economic incentives, Pakistan has the opportunity to lead the way in sustainable urban planning. The technology exists. The funding can be mobilized. All we need now is the political courage to act — before the next downpour brings another flood of destruction.