The global fight against polio has been one of humanity’s most monumental public health achievements. Since 1988, when the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) was launched, wild polio cases have plummeted by over 99%, from an estimated 350,000 cases in more than 125 countries to just a handful today. The herculean effort of health workers, governments, and countless donors has brought us to the brink of success, but as a new report from the Independent Monitoring Board (IMB) reveals, that final step is proving to be a “mountain”—smooth, steep, and seemingly impossible to climb with the old tools.

After 37 years and an astonishing $22 billion in investment, the IMB’s latest assessment, titled “The Mountain,” delivers a stark and necessary truth: conventional strategies are running out of road. While we celebrate the eradication of two of the three wild poliovirus strains, the last remaining strain, WPV1, clings stubbornly to life in just two countries: Pakistan and Afghanistan. The resurgence of cases in these regions, despite decades of relentless vaccination campaigns, signals a systemic failure to adapt to the final, and most difficult, phase of the battle.

The report’s findings are uncomfortable but crucial. It calls out a system that has become “performance-blind,” rewarding effort over outcomes and relying on external, donor-driven solutions instead of fostering genuine country ownership. For years, the campaign has grappled with predictable and recurring challenges: logistical hurdles in remote, conflict-ridden areas, deep-seated community mistrust fueled by misinformation and security lapses, and a lack of integration with broader, essential health services. The result is a cycle of plans and press releases that fail to guarantee that every child is immunized, leaving invisible chains of transmission unbroken.

This is not a time for discouragement, but for a fundamental strategic reset. The IMB’s recommendation to shift greater responsibility for eradication to regional and national bodies is a vital first step. By empowering local leaders and integrating polio efforts into broader public health initiatives, the campaign can shed the perception of being an external imposition and rebuild trust from the ground up. This shift must be accompanied by a renewed focus on innovation, not just in new vaccines like novel oral polio vaccine 2 (nOPV2), but in how we approach community engagement and accountability.

The goal of a polio-free world is still within reach, but it will not be achieved by simply doubling down on old habits. The glass mountain demands new climbing gear and a different path. It requires political will, genuine local ownership, and a readiness to hold failures accountable. The time for a new approach is now. The final fight against polio is a test of our resilience, but it is a challenge we must win—for every child, and for the world’s collective health.